从提前调整费率论日本劳灾保险与劳灾预防相结合

如何建立工伤保险与工伤事故预防有机结合的机制 ,不仅是我国工伤保险制度改革的重要课题 ,也是日本工伤社会保险改革过程的重要内容之一。日本打破了每隔 3年对费率进行一次调整的惯例 ,从2 0 0 3年度开始 ,提前一年执行了平均被下调了 1‰的新的劳灾保险费率体系。笔者对此举动阐述了以下观点 :除从厚生劳动省说明的近年来劳灾事故大幅度减少及为减轻企业主的负担等原因外 ,还应从处理劳灾保险制度与劳灾事故预防工作的关系上分析提前调整费率的动机。即这个重要决策旨在强调劳灾保险与事故预防的有机结合、利用保险费率的经济杠杆作用 ,借“第 10个防止劳动灾害五年规划”启动之良机 ,全面提高劳动安全卫生管理水平。     

采煤工作面粉尘状况与防尘工作重点

本文介绍了近几年来对我国部分煤矿采煤工作面粉尘状况的调查,测试和煤矿粉尘粒度分布分析结果。通过测试分析证明,不同煤种的煤被外部能量破碎时,它的产尘量、产生的粉尘的粒度分布及粉尘中呼吸性粉尘含量不同;各种煤直接破碎产生的粉尘和矿井空气的浮游粉尘的粒度分布均符合罗辛——拉姆勒(Rosin——Rammlar)分布规律;采用一般常规防尘措施(如煤体注水、洒水、喷雾降尘等),对粒度较粗的粉尘有一定降尘效果,可改善粉尘作业环境,而对工人身体健康影响较大的呼吸性粉尘降尘效果不显著,造成矿井浮游粉尘中呼吸性粉尘含量增加。为此,今后防尘工作重点应加强对呼吸性粉尘控制技术的研究,推广、应用对呼吸性粉尘除尘效率高的防尘措施,大幅度降低矿井中呼吸性粉尘.使煤矿尘肺病发病率有较大降低。     

Metals in Zooplankton from the Baltic Sea, 1980-84

Between 1980 and 1984, plankton was collected for metal analysis during four expeditions in the Baltic Sea. for comparison, samples from adjacent areas of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean were also taken. the mixed net-plankton samples were analyzed by AAS for metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu. Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). the results are discussed with regard to spatial and temporal trends and for comparison with data from other authors. Correlations among the contents of the different metals and between the metal contents and 'external factors' including salinity, season, percentage of co-collected phytoplankton, and concentration of dissolved and particulate metals in the water are considered.

There is a tendency for higher metal contents in plankton from the brackish Baltic Sea (Al, Mn and Hg), while other metals (e.g. Cd) show higher levels in samples taken from the marine environment. Except for mercury, no clear correlations could be found between the metal content in plankton and the dissolved concentration of the same metal in the ambient water. Otherwise, the contents of aluminium, iron, manganese and zinc in the suspended particulate matter and in the plankton seem to be partly related to each other.     

ZOOPLANKTON AND DREDGING: RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES FROM A CRITICAL REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Studies on the responses of zooplankton to dredging are summarized and discussed. Design criteria for studies intended for impact assessment require careful consideration of sampling due to the highly variable spatial and temporal distributions of zooplankton. It is suggested that ocean dominated systems present different research requirements than those estuarine regions which have endemic zooplankton populations.     

Plankton community composition in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region revealed by PCR-DGGE and its relationships with environmental factors

To explore the relationships between community composition and the environment in a reservoir ecosystem, plankton communities from the Three Gorges Reservoir Region were studied by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. Bacterial and eukaryotic operational taxonomic units （OTUs）, generated by DGGE analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S and 18S rRNA genes, were used as surrogates for the dominant ＂biodiversity units＂. OTU composition among the sites was heterogeneous; 46.7% of the total bacterial OTUs （45） and 64.1% of the eukaryotic OTUs （39） were identified in less than half of the sampling sites. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages （UPGMA） clustering of the OTUs suggested that the plankton communities in the Xiangxi Rive sites were not always significantly different from those from the Yangtze River sites, despite clear differences in their environmental characterizations. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） was applied to further investigate the relationships between OTU composition and the environmental factors. The first two CCA ordination axes suggested that the bacterial community composition was primarily correlated with the variables of NO3^--N, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and SiO3^2--Si, whereas, the eukaryotic community was mainly correlated with the concentrations of DO, PO4^3--P, and SiO3^2--Si.     

城市主要大气污染物与呼吸系统疾病相关性浅析

根据监测资料得出，杭州市区大气中瓢法，二氧化硫、氮氧化物等浓度逐年略有上升的趋势。根据相同年份病谱分析，死于呼吸系统疾病的人数也相应增加，即呈正相关，其中，二氧化硫影响较大，提出了防治大气中二氧化硫污染的对策。     

水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体净化功能的研究

采用浮床无土栽培技术，在苏州重污染河道上种植水蕹菜以控制重污染水体水质。不仅进行了静态试验，而且在重污染河道苗家河上作了示范应用，效果显著。静态试验结果表明，在气温35℃、水温30℃以上的条件下，水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体中的CODMn、TN、NH4^＋-N、TP等的去除率分别为37．0％、92.9％、93．9％、94．3％；苗家河示范工程水域中水质有明最改善，透明度达90～130cm。由此证明水蕹菜是对苏州熏污染河道净化处理的优良生物材料之一。     

2006年夏季浙江海域赤潮生物群落分布

研究了2006年夏季浙江海域(120°～128°E,26°～30°N)91个站位赤潮生物物种组成及群落分布,共检出赤潮生物4门30属69种,其中角毛藻属和原多甲藻属种类数占优势.赤潮生物种类数及数量分布由近岸向外海递减且有随水深增加而减少的趋势,高值区为舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域.舟山群岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为旋链角毛藻,是新的引发赤潮的潜在藻种;南麂列岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻,与往年调查结果相符.舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域仍然是浙江海域赤潮发生敏感区.     

海洋溢油对浮游生物种群的影响

随着溢油风险的不断加大,对溢油产生的环境损害的研究也日益增多,由于溢油对海洋生态系统的多元影响,短期和长期影响的差异,使溢油环境损害赔偿变得非常困难,因此有必要对溢油对浮游生物种群的长期影响进行系统研究。本文对溢油对浮游生物影响现有的研究进行概括和综述。并以3．24事故为例对溢油对浮游生物的长期种群结构影响进行研究,分析是否产生影响。分析1998年事故发生时及事故后历史数据以及近几年的监测数据,进行对比试图解决如下问题：浮游生物在生物量上是否有变化？产量是否变化？种群结构是否发生变化？种群的主导物种是否变化？最后对这些结论的原因进行了探讨。     

武汉东湖浮游生物宏基因组与环境重金属的关系

采用针对16SrRNA和18SrRNA基因的引物,对武汉东湖不同营养水平湖区的浮游生物宏基因组进行凝胶电泳分析(PCR-DGGE)的指纹分析,并探讨宏基因组与环境重金属的关系.结果表明,PCR-DGGE分析共获得82条谱带,其多态率为82.9%,特有谱带占31.7%.I~V站点的谱带分别为36,34,44,50,56条.5个站点浮游生物群落PCR-DGGE指纹结构的聚类分析(UPGMA)分成两大类:I、II、Ⅲ站为一类,IV、V站为一类,这与重金属(铅、铬、汞、镉、砷、铜)浓度对各站点的聚类分枝关系相一致.相关分析显示,变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)谱带所代表的分类单元数(OTUs)与镉、铬的浓度存在较明显的相关性,其相关系数分别为-0.942(P0.05)和-0.928(P0.05).